Architecture

Architecture nima?

Software Architecture - bu tizimning umumiy strukturasi va uning qismlarini tashkil qilish usuli. Bu "uy loyihasi" kabi - uy qurishdan oldin arxitektor rejani chizadi.

Arxitektura quyidagi savollarga javob beradi:

• Strukturasi - Qanday komponentlar bor va ular qanday joylashgan?
• Kommunikatsiya - Komponentlar qanday gaplashadi?
• Ma'lumot oqimi - Data qanday harakatlanadi?
• Deployment - Tizim qayerda va qanday joylashtiriladi?

Yaxshi arxitektura:

• Tizimni tushunishni osonlashtiradi
• O'zgartirish va kengaytirishni qulay qiladi
• Xatolarni izolyatsiya qiladi
• Performance va security ni ta'minlaydi

Nega kerak?

Kichik loyihada arxitektura unchalik muhim emas. Lekin loyiha o'sgan sari arxitektura tanlovlari hal qiluvchi bo'ladi:

Asosiy tushunchalar

Monolith vs Microservices

Arxitektura Patterns

Scaling Strategiyalari

• Vertical Scaling - Kuchliroq server (ko'proq CPU, RAM). Cheklangan.
• Horizontal Scaling - Ko'proq serverlar. Load balancer kerak.
• Database Scaling - Read replicas, sharding, caching.
• Caching - Redis, Memcached. Hot data memory'da.
• CDN - Static content foydalanuvchilarga yaqin.

Observability

Tizimni ichidan ko'rish - muammolarni tez topish uchun:

• Logging - Nima bo'ldi? (ELK Stack, Loki)
• Metrics - Qanday ishlayapti? (Prometheus, Grafana)
• Tracing - So'rov qayerdan qayerga? (Jaeger, Zipkin)

Amaliy jarayon (step-by-step)

Eng ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

Best practices

• Monolith bilan boshlang, keyin kerak bo'lsa ajrating (Strangler Fig pattern)
• Domain-Driven Design (DDD) - bounded contexts bilan service chegaralarini aniqlang
• API versioning - breaking changes'siz evolution
• Circuit Breaker pattern - cascade failures'ni oldini olish
• Async communication - event/message queue'lar bilan loose coupling
• Health checks - /health endpoint har bir service'da
• Graceful degradation - critical bo'lmagan feature'lar o'chsa ham ishlash
• Infrastructure as Code - terraform, pulumi bilan reproducible infra
• Chaos engineering - production'da failure'larni simulyatsiya qiling
• Architecture Decision Records (ADR) - tanlovlarni hujjatlashtiring

Asboblar va texnologiyalar

Mini misol

E-commerce tizimi arxitekturasi (simplified):

# High-Level Architecture - E-Commerce

Components:
  
  Client Layer:
    - Web App (React/Next.js)
    - Mobile App (React Native)
    - CDN (CloudFront/Cloudflare)
  
  API Gateway:
    - Kong / AWS API Gateway
    - Rate limiting, Auth, Routing
    - Request/Response transformation
  
  Services:
    - User Service (auth, profile)
    - Product Service (catalog, search)
    - Order Service (cart, checkout)
    - Payment Service (Stripe integration)
    - Notification Service (email, SMS, push)
    - Inventory Service (stock management)
  
  Data Layer:
    - PostgreSQL (User, Order data)
    - MongoDB (Product catalog)
    - Redis (Sessions, Cache)
    - Elasticsearch (Product search)
  
  Async Communication:
    - Kafka / RabbitMQ
    - Events: OrderPlaced, PaymentCompleted, etc.
  
  Observability:
    - Prometheus + Grafana (Metrics)
    - ELK Stack (Logs)
    - Jaeger (Tracing)

Circuit Breaker pattern (Node.js bilan):

const CircuitBreaker = require('opossum');

// External service call
async function callPaymentService(orderId, amount) {
  const response = await fetch('https://payment-service/charge', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: JSON.stringify({ orderId, amount })
  });
  return response.json();
}

// Circuit Breaker options
const options = {
  timeout: 3000,           // 3 sekund timeout
  errorThresholdPercentage: 50, // 50% xato = open
  resetTimeout: 30000       // 30 sek keyin retry
};

// Circuit breaker yaratish
const breaker = new CircuitBreaker(callPaymentService, options);

// Fallback - circuit open bo'lganda
breaker.fallback(() => ({
  success: false,
  message: 'Payment service temporarily unavailable',
  retry: true
}));

// Events
breaker.on('open', () => console.log('Circuit OPEN - failing fast'));
breaker.on('halfOpen', () => console.log('Circuit HALF-OPEN - testing'));
breaker.on('close', () => console.log('Circuit CLOSED - normal operation'));

// Ishlatish
async function processPayment(orderId, amount) {
  try {
    const result = await breaker.fire(orderId, amount);
    return result;
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Payment failed:', err.message);
    // Queue for retry, notify user, etc.
  }
}

Ko'p so'raladigan savollar (FAQ)

Glossary (Atamalar lug'ati)